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Collection "Roads and bridges" - Issue 55-1/2026



ANALYSIS OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR EMBANKMENT HEIGHT ON PERMAFROST SOILS

  • Alexander M. Kulizhnikov1

    1Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1KulizhnikovAM@rosdornii.ru, SPIN: 4947-3551, AuthorID: 360467

  • Abstract: This article deals with the issues of improving the reliability of roads on permafrost soils based on a differentiated selection of approaches and principles for embankment design. An analysis of regulatory and technical documentation has been carried out. The factors influencing the road embankment heights assignment have been considered. The observations results of the technical condition of road sections and the thaw depth of road structures at monitoring posts at different embankment heights have been analyzed. Preliminary research directions to improve the calculation methodology, conduct surveys, and prepare regulatory and technical documentation related to the determination of guideline elevation points when subgrade designing have been identified.
  • Keywords: permafrost soils, design principle, embankment height, monitoring post, thaw depth, calculation, regulatory and technical documentation, guideline elevation point, stability, snow drift resistance.
  • UDC: 551.345:625.731.2
  • EDN: OBSITO
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-09-32
  • File: Preview

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TRUCK TIRE CONTACT PATCH GEOMETRY AND MECHANICS ON ROAD PAVEMENT

  • Nikolay A. Ermoshin1
    Alexey E. Simchuk2

    1,2 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St.Petersburg, Russia
    1ermonata@mail.ru, http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-5375
    SPIN-код: 6694-8297; AuthorID: 735873
    2alexsimchuk@bk.ru, SPIN-код: 9267-8471; AuthorID: 1197060

  • Abstract: This paper presents the results of a bench experiment measuring the contact pressure distribution of a pneumatic truck tire using the XSENSOR matrix sensor platform. Current design methods for flexible pavements are based on the assumption that the contact pressure of the wheel on the pavement is uniformly distributed over its area and magnitude and equal to the air pressure inside the tire or a fixed standard value. However, the results of experimental studies indicate that the actual contact pressure is non-uniform over its area and differs from the air pressure inside the tire. During the study, two-dimensional pressure maps were recorded in the contact zone for various combinations of vertical load and tire pressure. It was found that the pressure is distributed unevenly across the contact area. Higher values are recorded in the central part, and lower values are found in the peripheral contact zones. The average contact pressure on the pavement was lower than the air pressure inside the tire. To quantify unevenness, a pressure reduction coefficient β was introduced, defined as the ratio of the average contact pressure on the pavement to the tire pressure. Test results show that β values range from 0.44 to 0.93. Using the β coefficient allows for refinement of the initial loading parameters when modeling the stress-strain state of the pavement and improves the adequacy of the calculation model to actual road pavement operating conditions.
  • Keywords: contact pressure, pressure distribution, pneumatic tire, pressure reduction coefficient, loading calculation scheme, flexible road pavement, freight transport.
  • UDC: 625.731.8:629.027
  • EDN: AKTPTP
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-33-48
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DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCESSING MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA WHEN OBTAINING A MICROPROFILE TO DETERMINE THE ROUGHNESS INDEX IRI

  • Alexander S. Konorev1
    Vitaly P. Mironyuk2
    Sergey A. Mironchuk3
    Alexander B. Volkov4
    Alexander A. Alymov5

    1, 2, 3, 4Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1konorev@rosdornii.ru, SPIN: 7240-7371; ORCID 0009-0007-1052-0260
    2mironiuk@rosdornii.ru
    3mironchuk@rosdornii.ru, SPIN: 5501-4190
    4volkov@rosdornii.ru
    5alymovaa@rosdornii.ru

  • Abstract: This article discusses a methodology for collecting and processing laser reflection point (LRP) data for calculating the microprofile of a road surface and subsequently calculating the International Longitudinal Roughness Index (IRI). Furthermore, the recommendations for processing mobile laser scanning (MLS) data to generate a microprofile of a road surface are outlined. Recommendations for office processing of LRP data are set for the strip width and segment length that should be generated from the overall LRP cloud for subsequent conversion and calculation of road surface microprofile values.
  • Keywords: road surface, longitudinal roughness, microprofile, International Roughness Index (IRI), mobile laser scanning, point density, laser reflection points.
  • UDC: 625.7.03:531.1:004.9
  • EDN: DLXRDH
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-51-72
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ANALYSIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR JOINTS SEALANTS OF CEMENT-CONCRETE PAVEMENTS OF CIVIL AIRFIELDS

  • Mikhail A. Agafonov1,2
    Vladimir I. Nedelkin2

    1Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    2Moscow Automobile State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
    1,2AgafonovMA@rosdornii.ru

  • Abstract: Based on an analysis of the operational and technical condition of civil airfield pavements, this article identifies the main causes of joint seal failure in cement concrete pavements. The appropriateness of the choice of sealing materials depending on climatic conditions is assessed, and their physical and mechanical properties are examined. Inconsistencies between laboratory parameters and the actual durability of materials are revealed, the need to update the regulatory framework and introduce new controlled parameters is substantiated.
  • Keywords: monitoring of the airfields technical condition, durability of joint sealing, unsealing causes, geometric parameters of expansion joints, standardization of sealant testing, adhesive strength.
  • UDC: 624.21(470.61)
  • EDN: EPFIUF
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-73-82
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METHODOLOGY FOR USING LASER TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCANNING IN ROAD DIAGNOSTICS

  • Yuri E. Vasilyev1
    Maxim M. Nikitaev2
    Mariya A. Brezhneva 3
    Kirill E. Shugaev4
    Sergey V. Varshavskiy5

    1Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
    2,3,4,5 State Budgetary Institution of the city of Moscow «Automobile roads», Moscow, Russia
    1yu.vasilev@madi.ru
    2mn@inbox.ru
    3fineeva.m@mail.ru
    4kirijiji1@mail.ru
    5svv@tehnopark-madi.ru

  • Abstract: The article presents a methodology for the application of laser two-dimensional scanning in road diagnostics using a mobile road laboratory. The methodology developed to meet the requirements of current regulatory documents is intended for assessing the transport and operational condition of the pavement. It determines a full cycle of works: preparation and calibration of the measuring complex, execution of the survey with the specified modes of movement, cameral processing of data, accuracy control and drawing up a technical report. The stages of work production and measurement results processing are described in the most detail. An example of the practical application of the methodology on the street and road network of the city of Moscow, as well as the calculation of indicators of transverse evenness (rutting) and pavement defects, the assessment of compliance with regulatory requirements, and the conclusion on the need for repair measures, is given. The report documents suitable for work planning and integration into road condition management systems are shown.
  • Keywords: mobile road laboratory, laser scanning, lidar, roads, road pavement, defects, rutting.
  • UDC: 624.21/.8:625.7/.8(470.41)
  • EDN: FIAYZE
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-83-100
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FORECASTING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES BASED ON THEIR DEGRADATION RATE ANALYSIS

  • Adel T. Vishnyakov1
    Tagir A. Zinnurov2

    1State Institution «Directorate of Maintenance and Development of Roads and Transport of Tatarstan under the Ministry of Transport and Roads of the Republic of Tatarstan», Kazan, Russia
    2Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering, Kazan, Russia
    1Adel.Vishnyakov@tatar.ru, ORCID: 0009-0009-8333-8675
    2leongar@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-7238-2883; SPIN-код: 5311-6482

  • Abstract: This article presents the results of a study of the technical condition of bridge structures located on regional roads in the Republic of Tatarstan, that includes the following parameters for each facility: construction period, current technical condition and type of material used in the superstructures. The percentage of bridge structures in the inventory is analyzed and a model that describes the relationship between service life and technical condition is presented. The model allows to predict the transition of structures between condition categories: satisfactory – after 10-25 years, unsatisfactory – after 20-45 years, and emergency – after 30-50 years. It has been established that the rate of change in the technical condition of bridges depends on road category, construction material, and period of construction.
  • Keywords: bridge structures, technical condition, service life, defect, material, bridge maintenance, velocity, exponential dependence.
  • UDC: 624.21/.8:625.7/.8(470.41)
  • EDN: GMRUEC
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-103-117
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DYNAMIC MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES

  • Oleg V. Krutikov1
    Alexander V. Krymsky2
    Dmitry I. Ryzhov3

    1,2,3OOO «TKM», Moscow, Russia
    1ovkru@mail.ru; ORCID 0000-0002-9434-9013
    2krym52@yandex.ru
    3ryzhov_di@mail.ru; ORCID 0000-0002-0735-806X

  • Abstract: In this article the authors propose requirements for organizing a «dynamic» bridge monitoring system in terms of data collection procedures. Additionally, the algorithms for assessing dynamic characteristics, as well as assessing the performance of vehicles moving on the bridge, developed for real-time use are discussed. The examples of existing monitoring systems that organize data collection based on dynamic monitoring requirements are provided, and the examples of the results of applying these real-time algorithms are also done.
  • Keywords: structural health bridge monitoring, dynamic bridge monitoring, research monitoring, control monitoring, stress-strain state (SSS), Fourier transform, power spectrum, operational method, natural frequency, oscillation logarithmic decrement, weigh-in-motion.
  • UDC: 625.7:624.21
  • EDN: HBSXTP
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-118-140
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SCALE FOR ASSESSING THE TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS BASED ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT

  • Rostislav D. Davydov1
    Gilani D. Akhmadov2
    Maksim V. Zhabrikov3

    1,2,3Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1davydov@rosdornii.ru
    2akhmadov@rosdornii.ru
    3maxpkey@mail.ru

  • Abstract: The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the level of intelligent transport systems (ITS) deployment across the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The study is based on data concerning 90,382 units of peripheral ITS equipment deployed along 1,583,198,7 km of public roads and serving a population of 146,2 million people. A multi-aspect assessment methodology has been applied, comprising five independent indicators: equipment per kilometer of road, per 100,000 inhabitants, per 10,000 registered vehicles, per urban settlement with a population exceeding 20,000, and the ratio of equipment to reported road traffic injuries. Separate regional rankings have been developed for each indicator, revealing a stable «technological core» and a zone of systemic lag. Based on normalized values, an Integrated Equipment Index (IEI) has been calculated, enabling objective classification of regions into four levels: high, good, satisfactory, and low. Correlation analysis confirmed the key role of budgetary funding and urbanization in ITS development, as well as a positive association between ITS deployment and reductions in road traffic injuries. The findings provide a scientifically grounded basis for differentiated state policy and targeted regional support, avoiding oversimplification of a complex reality into a single metric.
  • Keywords: intelligent transport systems, regional ranking, ITS deployment, peripheral equipment.
  • UDC: 656.13:346.7:006.013
  • EDN: HRLBIS
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-143-163
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TESTING THE TRAFFIC FLOW MONITORING SUBSYSTEM: IMPROVING THE METHOD OF ESTIMATING AVERAGE SPEED

  • Artem A. Koveshnikov1
    Polina V. Malykhina2
    Nikolai Y. Toropov3
    Vladislav V. Feofanov4

    1,2,3,4 Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»),
    Moscow, Russia
    1KoveshnikovAA@rosdornii.ru
    2malykhinapv@rosdornii.ru
    3toropov@rosdornii.ru
    4FeofanovVV@rosdornii.ru

  • Abstract: This paper addresses improving the accuracy of the «average vehicle speed» verification method during tests of a traffic flow monitoring subsystem (TFMS) within an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The problem is driven by the fact that the reliability of average-speed verification depends not only on the TFMS measurement channel, but also on the methodological error of the control measurements. Such error is primarily determined by the selection of a reference instrument, the spatial and temporal matching of detection zones, and correctly statistical processing of the results. Based on the outcomes of previous field tests performed at an ITS pilot site (Republic of Tatarstan), where visual/video-based speed control produced discrepancies exceeding the normative accuracy threshold, an updated testing approach was developed. The technological project formalizes requirements for matching the radar detector’s detection zone with the speed fixation zone of the reference device and specifies a processing and validation method for repeated measurements, including outlier detection. Field tests were conducted on the ITS pilot site using the TFMS traffic detector and the certified photo/video speed enforcement system «Azimut-4» as the reference measurement instrument. Using protocol data collected over 120 minutes with 10-minute intervals for two travel directions, office (post-processing) calculations and statistical error assessment were performed. The results demonstrate that the proposed method meets the acceptance criterion for average speed (no more than ± 5 % relative to the reference values) and improves test repeatability by reducing the methodological component of control-measurement uncertainty.
  • Keywords: intelligent transportation systems, traffic flow monitoring, average speed, test program and methodology, measurement results validation.
  • UDC: 656.13
  • EDN: OASCWV
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-164-182
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STRUCTURAL-PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SHEAR STABILITY OF FRAME ASPHALT CONCRETE: CLARIFICATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

  • Alexey A. Afanasenko1
    Alexander V. Ladyshev2
    Pavel P. Yatsevich3

    1,2,3 Belarusian National Technical University, branch of BNTU «Research Polytechnic Institute», Minsk, Republic of Belarus
    1cniidsgm@bntu.by ; ORCID: 0009-0001-1544-745X; SPIN code: 5062-5027
    Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=677OMTwAAAAJ&hl=ru
    2cniidsgm@bntu.by; SPIN code: 6384-4696
    Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=I2bDYnMAAAAJ&hl=ru
    3cniidsgm@bntu.by

  • Abstract: The article addresses the issue of assessing the operational reliability of skeleton-type asphalt concrete pavements (SMA type) under high summer temperatures. Based on the principles of structural-phenomenological mechanics of road composites, the shear stability criterion, defined by the balance of active shear stresses and reactive forces of internal friction and cohesion, is analyzed. It is established that the classical energy-based methodology for determining Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters, developed for dense asphalt concretes, has limitations when applied to skeleton-type mixtures. Specifically, an asymptotic limit in the calculation formula for the internal friction angle (not exceeding 45 degrees) is identified, along with a systematic error in the linear approximation of cohesion in the high-friction range. To overcome these limitations, a refinement of the model's calculation parameters is proposed. A structural dilatancy coefficient (equal to 3.5) is introduced to correctly account for the energy required to overcome aggregate interlocking in skeleton-type mixtures. A rigor-ous trigonometric dependence for cohesion calculation, based on Mohr's circle geometry, is developed and verified. Comparative analysis using six compositions of modified asphalt concretes has been shown that the refined methodology eliminates the underestimation of strength characteristics and improves the accuracy of predicting the shear stability safety factor.
  • Keywords: asphalt concrete, shear stability, structural mechanics, internal friction angle, cohesion, dilatancy, reliability criterion, Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA).
  • UDC: 625.855.3
  • EDN: HSBDAC
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-185-207
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EFFECT OF MIXTURE COMPONENTS ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE OF CEMENT CONCRETE FOR ROAD PAVEMENTS

  • Sergey G. Bespalov1
    Alsu Z. Gaifullina2

    1,2Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1bespalov@rosdornii.ru
    2Gayfullina@rosdornii.ru

  • Abstract: This article presents the summarized results of laboratory researches concerning the effect of cement concrete mix composition on the abrasion resistance of cement concrete road pavements. The purpose of the scientific work under consideration is to determine the influence of the mineral content of the concrete mix on strength and performance characteristics. As part of the laboratory researches, concrete mix compositions using different materials with varying ratios have been selected. The process-related and rheological characteristics of the concrete mixes, as well as the strength and performance characteristics of the concrete, have been determined. Based on the obtained results, conclusions have been drawn regarding the influence of concrete mix workability and the aggregate grain-size distribution on abrasion resistance. A method for determining abrasion resistance for cement concrete pavements, using an abrasion disc in accordance with GOST 13087-2018, has also been evaluated.
  • Keywords: concrete mixtures, cement concrete, composition selection, Gpt abrasion resistance, abrasion disc, aggregate grain-size distribution, mineral materials, laboratory support.
  • UDC: 624.21(470.61)
  • EDN: JCBCQS
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-208-234
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DEVELOPMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS FOR THERMAL INSULATION CONTROL OF ROADS ON PERMAFROST SOILS

  • Roman I. Nikitin1
    Dmitry V. Medvedev2
    Maksim I. Nikitin3

    1Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow, Russia
    2ANO «Scientific Research Institute of Transport and Construction complex» (ANO «NII TSK»), Moscow, Russia
    3Innovative Technical Center LLC (ITC LLC), Moscow, Russia
    1roman.nikitin39@gmail.com
    2medvedev@niitsk.ru
    3nmi1593@yandex.ru

  • Abstract: The article addresses the problem of establishing normative requirements for the properties of geosynthetic materials used in pavements constructed in the permafrost zone to perform a thermal insulation function. An analysis of the current regulatory and technical framework of the Russian Federation, as well as of international experience, is carried out. It is shown that existing design methods are oriented primarily toward the mechanical characteristics of the layers, whereas the thermal insulation function is addressed only fragmentarily, without a formalized link to strength calculations. The need for a functional approach to standardization, similar to that adopted for drainage geosynthetics, is substantiated. The results of cyclic tests of a two-layer "crushed stone – expanded polystyrene" system are presented; they demonstrate the significant effect of the thermal insulation layer on the accumulation of residual deformations. It is concluded that it is necessary to standardize not only the thermophysical but also the deformation characteristics of thermal insulation materials, and to account for them as a mandatory part of pavement design calculations under the allowable elastic deflection criterion. The main directions for developing the regulatory and methodological framework for evaluating geosynthetic materials that regulate the water-thermal regime are formulated.
  • Keywords: permafrost soils, cryolithozone, pavement, geosynthetic materials, thermal insulation, expanded polystyrene, XPS (eXtruded PoliStyrene), water-thermal regime, standardization, functional approach, strength calculation, allowable elastic deflection, residual deformations, cyclic testing, interpenetration of materials, separation layer.
  • UDC: 551.345:625.85:638.383
  • EDN: JLCIBA
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-235-253
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EFFICIENCY OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF «DRY» INTRODUCTION OF MODIFIERS BASED ON SBS TYPE POLYMERS INTO ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE

  • Svetlana V. Polyakova1
    Yuri E. Vasiliev2

    1FAI «ROSDORNII», Moscow, Russia
    2Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
    1polyakovasv@rosdornii.ru ; https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4493-095X
    2vashome@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-0152

  • Abstract: In Russia, there are currently no guidelines regulating the process of «dry» introduction of styrene-butadiene-styrene SBS polymers directly into asphalt concrete plants and application of asphalt concrete mixtures using this technology. Extensive experience with the use of SBS polymers (approximately 30 years) in the road industry includes only the «wet» method of introducing SBS polymer into bitumen to produce a polymer-bitumen binder (PBB), the use of which is regulated by GOST R 52056-2025 (formerly GOST R 52056-2003). Over the past decade, international practice has focused on exploring the feasibility of using SBS-based polymer modifiers, introduced into the mineral portion of asphalt concrete mixes using a «dry» method directly in the asphalt mixing unit at asphalt concrete plants. This significantly simplifies the production process, optimizes costs, and reduces energy consumption during the production of polymer asphalt concrete mixtures and environmental pollution. Global research conducted in this area can serve as the technological basis for the further development and implementation in Russia of a new technology for the «dry» introduction of SBS-based modifiers, which can increase the durability of asphalt concrete pavements while reducing energy consumption and overall production costs.
  • Keywords: SBS-based polymer modifiers, «dry» modification method, asphalt concrete mix.
  • UDC: 625.855.3:665.775
  • EDN: KCOFTQ
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-254-272
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APPLICATION OF RUBBER POWDER-BASED ELASTOMER MODIFIERS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ORIGINAL ROAD BITUMENS

  • Olga Yu. Melnik1
    Natalya V. Maidanova2
    Olga A. Marshavina3

    1OOO «DSK ABZ-Dorstroy»; Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SPbGASU), Saint Petersburg, Russia
    2ABZ-1 Group of Companies, Saint Petersburg, Russia
    3Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University», Saint Petersburg, Russia 
    1omelnik@abz-1.ru, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6451-5843
    2SPIN-код: 5538-3014
    3olia.medvede@yandex.ru, SPIN-код: 3300-0453

  • Abstract: One of the main components of asphalt concrete mixtures is road bitumen. Requirements for bitumen selection are specified in the state standard governing the design rules for flexible road pavements. Due to increasing axle loads, traffic intensity and speeds, combined with weather and climate factors, as well as the impact of harmful factors (temperature and oxidation processes) on binders, there is a need to modify according to the Norm – GOST 33133-2014 – the standard grades of bitumen supplied to the market. There are a number of additives that can help achieve the required performance indicators for bitumen binders. These include rubber crumb-based modifiers. When selecting a modifier, the question of its characteristics arises, primarily the degree of devulcanization. The authors studied samples of rubber powder-based elastomer modifiers from two different manufacturers using an improved gel-sol analysis method. The physical, mechanical, and rheological properties of modified bitumens with different modifier contents have been obtained. The grade of rubber-bitumen binders has been determined according to the Norm GOST R 58400 that makes it possible to specify their areas of application. Recommendations are provided regarding the effect of modifier content on the characteristics of rubber-bitumen binders.
  • Keywords: bitumen, rubber-bitumen binder (RBB), rubber powder, elastomer modifier (EM).
  • UDC: 625.7/.8:658.567.1
  • EDN: KVJIHL
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2026-1-55-275-295
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